Prevent and treat colds and flu this winter!

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Seems like no matter what you do, we can never quite escape a cold or flu during the winter months. But you bet we can try!

We asked nurses from the Bonjour-santé health advice service to explain to us the difference between the flu and a common cold, and to share tips on how to prevent them and what to do if we do fall prey to them.

Want more health advice and information? Bonjour-santé members have unlimited access to our team of nurses by e-consult. They can give you advice, guide you through your health journey and answer all your questions.

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1. Symptoms: what’s the difference between a cold and the flu?

People often confuse the flu with the common cold. Although both are respiratory tract infections, colds are more common and less serious than the flu. Flu, on the other hand, can be quite severe. Symptoms can naturally vary depending on the age and health of the person affected.

Below is a comparison of flu and cold symptoms from a Québec government resource.

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*In children, gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, stomach pains, diarrhoea) are up to 25% more common, while fever is often 39°C or higher. In very young children, symptoms may be less specific, such as lack of energy, refusal to eat or drink and reduced interest in activities.

Please note that it is impossible to tell the difference between COVID-19 and influenza based on symptoms alone, as they are very similar. It is strongly recommended to always take a test to confirm the presence of COVID-19.^‍‍

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2. When are we most contagious when we have a cold or the flu?

Flu and colds are highly contagious! The contagious period begins 24 hours before the onset of symptoms and continues for up to seven days afterwards. However, young children and immunocompromised people can be contagious for longer and spread the disease beyond the usual one-week period.

Coughing is often severe and can last up to two weeks, while fever and other symptoms usually last five to seven days. Symptoms, including fever, may take up to two weeks to disappear completely. Be patient and kind to yourself!

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3. How can we prevent a cold or the flu?‍

Flu and colds are transmitted through contact with respiratory secretions, which means: 

• Direct contact.
• Indirect contact; the virus can survive for up to 5 minutes on the skin, a few hours in dried secretions and 48 hours on objects.
• By spraying droplets, especially in cases of influenza-like illness (ILI).

To prevent a cold or the flu, follow the usual golden rules: 

• Wash your hands frequently.
• Cough into your elbow or a handkerchief.
• Wear a mask if necessary.
• Disinfect common and frequently touched surfaces (ex.: doorknobs).
• If you have a fever, stay at home.
• Keep your distance from others as much as possible.
• Work from home whenever possible.
• Avoid contact with more vulnerable people, such as the immunocompromised, the elderly or those with chronic illnesses.
• Regularly open doors and windows at home for a few minutes to create a draft of fresh air.

Remember that immunity varies according to the type of virus, and reinfection is always possible. That said, there is no vaccine against the common cold, but there is one against the flu (influenza). The flu vaccine is available every fall, depending on certain criteria. Although everyone can get the flu vaccine (including babies aged 6 months and over), it is especially recommended for vulnerable and immunocompromised people, as well as those who live with or care for them.

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4. How can we treat a cold or the flu at home?

‍There is no specific treatment for the flu and common cold, but there are a number of products and tips to help alleviate symptoms.

• Keep well hydrated with water and/or herbal teas.
• Rest; when you have the flu or a cold, take it easy and accept that it will time some time to get better.
• Maintain regular nasal hygiene, including nasal cleansing with saline solution and suctioning nasal secretions as needed.
• Take antipyretics as required (ex.: acetaminophen such as Tylenol). Products containing salicylates, such as aspirin, should be avoided.
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IMPORTANT: Oral or topical decongestants and cough medicines should be avoided as they are not very effective and can cause rapid heartbeat, insomnia and even death in young children. Since autumn 2008, Health Canada has been recommending that cough and cold medicines not be used in children under the age of six, and that they be used with caution in children aged six and over.

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5. Should we consult a doctor when we have a cold or the flu?

‍Generally speaking, no. For children and healthy people, flu and colds usually subside after a few days, and the best remedies are rest and hydration.That said, people who are at risk of complications, including those who are immunocompromised or have a chronic illness, should consult a doctor as soon as flu symptoms appear so that the doctor can assess the patient's need for antivirals.Questions about the flu or common cold? Remember that with the Bonjour-santé membership, members have unlimited access to our team of nurses by e-consult who can offer information and advice! Members can log in to their Bonjour-santé account to access these services.